STILOVI PRIVRŽENOSTI IZ PERSPEKTIVE RANIH MALADAPTIVNIH SHEMA

The goal of the research is to test the significance of differences between attachment patterns in terms of frequency of early maladaptive schemas, particularly aimed at better understanding of insecure attachment patterns. The study was conducted on the sample of students of the Faculty of Philosophy in Nis (N=290). Attachment was assessed by the RQ questionnaire (Relationship Questionnaire, Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991.). Early maladaptive schemas were operationalized and measured by a short form of the Young Schema Questionnaire (Young, Klosko & Weishaar, 2003.). The results show that the groups of respondents, formed according to the attachment patterns, differ significantly in relation to the expression of early maladaptive schemas. Early maladaptive forms are significantly more present in groups of insecurely attached respondents. The finding that the highest total score on the Young Schema Questionnaire is achieved by respondents with disorganized attachment patterns is particularly important.Cilj istraživanja je testirati značajnost razlike između stilova privrženosti u smislu učestalosti ranih maladaptivnih shema, posebno radi boljeg razumijevanja nesigurnih stilova privrženosti. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku studenata Filozofskog fakulteta u Nišu (N=290). Privrženost je procijenjena pomoću Upitnika privrženosti RQ (Relationship Questionnaire, Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). Rane maladaptivne sheme su operacionalizirane i izmjerene pomoću skraćenog oblika Upitnika Young Schema Questionnaire (Young, Klosko & Weishaar, 2003). Rezultati pokazuju da postoje značajne razlike među skupinama ispitanika grupiranim prema stilovima privrženosti u odnosu na izraz ranih maladaptivnih shema. Rani maladaptivni oblici značajno su više prisutni u skupinama ispitanika s nesigurnom privrženošću. Posebno se važnim čini nalaz da najviši ukupni rezultat na Upitniku Young Schema Questionnaire postižu ispitanici s neorganiziranim stilom privrženosti

OD PREOKUPIRAJUĆEG VEZIVANJA DO DEPRESIJE: SERIJSKI MEDIJACIJSKI MODEL NA UZORKU ŽENA

Existing studies have confirmed the existence of a connection between depressive symptoms and insecure attachment, an undeveloped ability to mentalize, social anxiety and rumination, as well as their increasingly more frequent presence in the population of women. However, none of the studies have analyzed the mutual relations between the aforementioned phenomena. In this study we tested a multiple serial mediation model in which a preoccupied attachment style has an effect on depressive symptoms among women, mediated by the ability to mentalize one’s own state of mind, social anxiety and a tendency towards rumination, successively, in that order. The research was carried out on a geographical cluster sample and included 1258 working-age adults, respondents from 37 urban and rural locations, 20 administrative districts of Serbia, from which a sample of women was extracted (N= 791). The Relationships Questionnaire – RQ (Bartholomew and Horowitz, 1991), the Mentalization Scale – MentS (Dimitrijević et al., 2015), the Scale of Social Anxiety (Tovilović, 2004) and the Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire – RTSQ; Brinker and Dozois, 2009) were all used in the study. The results have indicated that there is a significant specific indirect effect of the preoccupied attachment style on depression mediated by all three mediators sequentially (estimated indirect effect=.004, boot-strapped 95% CI=.002 - .007), suggesting that the preoccupied attachment style has an effect on depression by leading to a decrease in the ability to mentalize one’s own state of mind, which increases social anxiety, in turn leading to an increase in rumination, which ultimately leads to depression. These findings could be of importance for the treatment of a specific group of female patients with a preoccupied attachment style who suffer from depression.Postojeće studije potvrdile su postojanje povezanosti između simptoma depresije i nesigurnog vezivanja, nerazvijene sposobnosti za mentalizaciju, socijalne anksioznosti i ruminacije, kao i njihovu sve češću prisutnost u ženskoj populaciji. Ipak, nijedna studija nije analizirala uzajamne odnose između navedenih pojava. U ovom istraživanju testirali smo višestruki serijski medijacijski model u kojem preokupirajući stil vezivanja ima učinak na simptome depresije kod žena, kojima posreduju sposobnost mentalizacije vlastitog stanja uma, socijalna anksioznost i sklonost ruminaciji, redom i tim redoslijedom. Istraživanje je provedeno na geografskom klasterskom uzorku i uključilo je 1258 radno sposobnih odraslih osoba, ispitanika iz 37 urbanih i ruralnih lokacija iz 20 upravnih okruga Srbije, iz kojeg je izdvojen uzorak žena (N=791). U istraživanju su korišteni Upitnik o odnosima – The Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991), Upitnik za procjenu mentalizacije – the Mentalization Scale - MentS (Dimitrijević et al., 2015), Skala socijalne anksioznosti – the Scale of Social Anxiety (Tovilović, 2004) i Skala ruminativnog stila mišljenja – the Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire – RTSQ (Brinker & Dozois, 2009). Rezultati ukazuju da postoji značajan specifični neizravni učinak preokupirajućeg stila vezivanja na depresiju kojem posreduju sva tri medijatora redom (procijenjeni neizravni učinak =,004, samodopunjavanje 95% CI=,002 - ,007), što ukazuje da preokupirani stil vezivanja ima učinak na depresiju jer vodi do smanjivanja sposobnosti mentalizacije vlastitog stanja uma, što povećava socijalnu anksioznost, te zatim vodi do povećane ruminacije i naposljetku do depresije. Ovi zaključci mogli bi biti od važnosti za liječenje specifične grupe pacijentica s preokupiranim stilom vezivanja koje boluju od depresije

Apego materno y competencias emocionales y cognitivas de los hijos

The goal of the study was to examine the relation between dimensions which lie in the basis of maternal attachment (anxiety and avoidance) and the development of children\u27s competences in the emotional domain (reflective functioning, mixed emotions understanding, sequential emotion understanding) and cognitive development (verbal comprehension, logic, graphomotor skills and understanding quantities).For this purpose, 60 children and their mothers were tested. Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS; Collins, 1996), was used to assess the two attachment dimensions. The Affect Task (Steele, Steele, & Fonagy, 1994) contains several subscales, including those intended to assess children\u27s reflective functioning, mixed emotions understanding and sequential emotion understanding. Children\u27s cognitive competences were assessed through their success on the Readiness for Elementary School Test (POŠ; Tolčić, 1986).Results indicate significant negative correlations between dimensions of maternal attachment and emotional competences. Also, avoidance is a significant predictor of mixed emotions understanding and sequential emotion understanding. Furthermore, anxiety negatively correlates with the success of children in logic, and avoidance is in a negative correlation, and is also a significant predictor of children\u27s verbal comprehension from the cognitive domain. Also, better emotional competences of the child, especially reflective functioning, predict better cognitive competences.Our results emphasize the role of the father figure, more precisely the education of the father, in prediction of children\u27s success in verbal comprehension and logic.It is justified to conclude that the obtained results indicate that the phenomena of attachment, emotional, and cognitive competences are essentially interrelated aspects of psychological life.El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la relación entre las dimensiones que forman base del apego materno (ansiedad y evitación), el desarrollo de las competencias del niño en el dominio emocional (funcionamiento reflexivo, entendimiento de las emociones mezcladas, entendimiento de las emociones secuenciales) y el desarrollo cognitivo (comprensión verbal, lógica, destrezas grafo-motoras y entendimiento de cantidades). Con este fin, 60 niños y sus madres fueron investigados. La Escala de Apego en Adultos (RAAS; Collins, 1996) revisada fue usada para evaluar las dos dimensiones del apego. La tarea afectiva (Steele, Steele & Fonagy, 1994) contiene varias subescalas, incluido aquellas destinadas a la evaluación del funcionamiento reflexivo, entendimiento de las emociones mezcladas y entendimiento de las emociones secuenciales de los niños. Las competencias cognitivas de los niños fueron evaluadas a través de su éxito en la Prueba de Aptitud para la Escuela Primaria (POŠ; Tolčić, 1986). Los resultados indican una considerable correlación negativa entre las dimensiones de apego materno y las competencias emocionales. Además, la evitación es un predictor importante del entendimiento de las emociones mezcladas y entendimiento de las emociones secuenciales. Es más, la ansiedad está en correlación negativa con el éxito de los niños en lógica, y la evitación está en correlación negativa y también es un predictor significativo de comprensión verbal de los niños del dominio cognitivo. Además, mejores competencias emocionales del niño, especialmente funcionamiento reflexivo, predicen mejores competencias cognitivas. Nuestros resultados acentúan el papel de la figura del padre, más preciso, la formación del padre, en la predicción de éxito que el niño tendrá en comprensión verbal y lógica. Está justificado concluir que los resultados obtenidos indican que el fenómeno del apego y las competencias emocionales y cognitivas son básicamente aspectos interrelacionados de la vida psicológica

RECOGNITION OF EMOTION AND ADULT ATTACHMENT

Glavni cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi odnos između afektivne privrženosti i točnosti u dekodiranju facijalnih ekspresija osnovnih emocija (ljutnja, prezir, gađenje, strah, sreća, tuga i iznenađenost). Pretpostavka je bila da će kod viših razina dimenzija (anksioznost i izbjegavanje) biti niža razina uspješnosti prepoznavanja facijalnih ekspresija. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 249 studenata različitih profesionalnih orijentacija s Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Nišu, Srbija. U spolnoj strukturi muškarci su bili zastupljeni s 23,7 % (59 muškaraca), a žene sa 76,3 % (190 žena). Prosječna dob iznosila je 22,13 (SD = 1,596) godina. Instrumenti - Kao podražaj upotrijebili smo zbirku fotografija, Matsumoto and Ekman’s Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE, 1988.). Primijenjen je i ECR-r upitnik za evaluaciju obrazaca afektivne privrženosti (Fraley, Waller i Brennan, 2000.). Potvrđena je hipoteza o vezi između dimenzija afektivne privrženosti (izbjegavanje i anksioznost) i uspješnosti u prepoznavanju osnovnih emocija (ljutnja, prezir, gađenje, strah, sreća, tuga i iznenađenost). Dimenzije afektivne privrženosti (izbjegavanje i anksioznost) negativno su povezane s uspješnosti ispitanika u prepoznavanju facijalnih ekspresija emocija.The main aim of this study was to examine the relationship between affective attachment and accuracy in decoding of facial expressions of basic emotions (anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise). It was expected that with the higher level of dimensions (anxiety and avoidance), the level of success in identifying facial expressions of emotions would get lower. The sample of respondents included 249 students of different professional orientations at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Niš, Serbia. The gender structure consisted of 59 (23.7%) males and 190 (76.3%) females. The average age was 22.13 (SD = 1.596) years. Instruments. As a stimulus, we have used a collection of photos, »Matsumoto and Ekman’s Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion« (Matsumoto and Ekman, 1988). Also, we have used the ECR-r-Questionnaire for the evaluation of the pattern of affective attachment (Fraley, Waller and Brennan, 2000). The hypothesis on the connection of dimensions of affective attachment (avoidance and anxiety) and the success in identifying basic emotions (anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise) has been confirmed. The dimensions of affective attachment (avoidance and anxiety) are negatively connected with the subjects’ success in identifying facial expressions of emotions

ATTACHMENT, AGGRESSION AND STIMULUS SEEKING IN ADOLESCENCE

Predmet istraživanja odnosi se na moguću povezanost kvalitete privrženosti i ponašanja značajnih za razdoblje adolescencije (agresivnost i potreba za traženjem uzbuđenja). Istraživanje je provedeno u Srbiji (Niš) na uzorku ispitanika dobi 13-16 godina, N=220. Instrumenti: Modifikacija Brennanova Inventara iskustava u bliskim vezama (Kamenov i Jelić, 2003.), Skala za procjenu potrebe za traženjem uzbuđenja - Forma V, SSS (Zucker-man i sur., 1978.), Upitnik za procjenu bazične agresivnosti (SIGMA 4/D, Momirović i sur., 1991.) i Upitnik za prikupljanje socio-demografskih varijabli. Rezultati pokazuju da samo kod adolescenata sa sigurnim stilom privrženosti postoji statis-tički značajna negativna povezanost s agresivnošću i subskalom dezinhibicija SSS-a, dok su u tzv. nesigurnim tipovima privrženosti (odbijajući, zaokupljeni, plašljivi) korelacije sa agresivnošću i traženjem uzbuđenja uglavnom pozitivne, mada, ne statistički značajne, osim odnosa okupiranog obrasca i subskale dezinhibicija. Uzevši u obzir činjenicu da u ispitiva-nom uzorku prevladava izbegavajuć tip privrženosti , razumijevanje dobivenih korelacija moglo bi pomoći u preventivnom radu s adolescentima i eventualnom identifikacijom rizič-nih grupa adolescenata.The topic of the research refers to a possible link between the quality of affective attachment and the phenomena significant for adolescence (aggression and stimulus seeking). The research was carried out in Serbia (City of Nis) using a sample including participants aged 13-15 (N=220). Instruments: Modification of Brennan Inventory of experiences in close relationships (Kamenov and Jelić, 2003), Sensations Seeking Scale – Form V (Zuckerman et al., 1978), Basic Aggression Questionnaire (SIGMA 4/D, Momirovic et al., 1991) and the Questionnaire for collecting socio-demographic variables. Results show that a statistically significant negative correlation with aggression and subscale of disinhibition of SSS exists only among adolescents with safe patterns of affective attachment, while in the so-called unsafe patterns (avoidance, occupied, scared) correlations with aggression and seeking of excitement are mainly positive, though statistically not important, with the exception of occupied patterns and the subscale of disinhibition. Taking into consideration the fact that the sample has predominantly avoidance pattern of affective attachment, understanding of the results and correlations could help in the prevention work with adolescents and possible identification of risk groups

Attachment Behavior With Mothers And Strangers In A Task-Oriented Situation: An Aqs Study With 14- To 20-Month-Old Bosnian Children

This study provides initial insights on the use of the Attachment Q-sort (AQS) for assessing young children's attachment quality in Bosnia & Herzegovina. We used the AQS technique to evaluate the quality of attachment in 31 mother-child dyads. The dyads were observed during home visits at the times children were aged 14, 16, 18, and 20 months.Additionally, at each visit, an object categorization task was used as a short gamelike activity between the child and the observer. The observer then instructed the mother to perform the same task with the child during the following week. Through this activity we observed the children's willingness to interact and cooperate with either a stranger or the mother in a task-oriented situation. Five out of 31 children had negative security scores and their behavior is described case-by-case. The object categorization task revealed differences in behavior towards both the mother and the observer between securely and insecurely attached children. As opposed to the secure children, insecure children tended to refuse cooperation with both the observer and the mother. Their mothers, on the other hand, either doubted their children’s willingness to cooperate, or refused to participate in the experiment. These findings provide a basis for further research of attachment in young children in the region, and offer new insights into the complex relationship between cognitive and emotional development in infancy. Limitations of the study are discussed in light of cross-cultural differences in the use of the AQS technique

Apego materno y competencias emocionales y cognitivas de los hijos

The goal of the study was to examine the relation between dimensions which lie in the basis of maternal attachment (anxiety and avoidance) and the development of children\u27s competences in the emotional domain (reflective functioning, mixed emotions understanding, sequential emotion understanding) and cognitive development (verbal comprehension, logic, graphomotor skills and understanding quantities).For this purpose, 60 children and their mothers were tested. Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS; Collins, 1996), was used to assess the two attachment dimensions. The Affect Task (Steele, Steele, & Fonagy, 1994) contains several subscales, including those intended to assess children\u27s reflective functioning, mixed emotions understanding and sequential emotion understanding. Children\u27s cognitive competences were assessed through their success on the Readiness for Elementary School Test (POŠ; Tolčić, 1986).Results indicate significant negative correlations between dimensions of maternal attachment and emotional competences. Also, avoidance is a significant predictor of mixed emotions understanding and sequential emotion understanding. Furthermore, anxiety negatively correlates with the success of children in logic, and avoidance is in a negative correlation, and is also a significant predictor of children\u27s verbal comprehension from the cognitive domain. Also, better emotional competences of the child, especially reflective functioning, predict better cognitive competences.Our results emphasize the role of the father figure, more precisely the education of the father, in prediction of children\u27s success in verbal comprehension and logic.It is justified to conclude that the obtained results indicate that the phenomena of attachment, emotional, and cognitive competences are essentially interrelated aspects of psychological life.El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la relación entre las dimensiones que forman base del apego materno (ansiedad y evitación), el desarrollo de las competencias del niño en el dominio emocional (funcionamiento reflexivo, entendimiento de las emociones mezcladas, entendimiento de las emociones secuenciales) y el desarrollo cognitivo (comprensión verbal, lógica, destrezas grafo-motoras y entendimiento de cantidades). Con este fin, 60 niños y sus madres fueron investigados. La Escala de Apego en Adultos (RAAS; Collins, 1996) revisada fue usada para evaluar las dos dimensiones del apego. La tarea afectiva (Steele, Steele & Fonagy, 1994) contiene varias subescalas, incluido aquellas destinadas a la evaluación del funcionamiento reflexivo, entendimiento de las emociones mezcladas y entendimiento de las emociones secuenciales de los niños. Las competencias cognitivas de los niños fueron evaluadas a través de su éxito en la Prueba de Aptitud para la Escuela Primaria (POŠ; Tolčić, 1986). Los resultados indican una considerable correlación negativa entre las dimensiones de apego materno y las competencias emocionales. Además, la evitación es un predictor importante del entendimiento de las emociones mezcladas y entendimiento de las emociones secuenciales. Es más, la ansiedad está en correlación negativa con el éxito de los niños en lógica, y la evitación está en correlación negativa y también es un predictor significativo de comprensión verbal de los niños del dominio cognitivo. Además, mejores competencias emocionales del niño, especialmente funcionamiento reflexivo, predicen mejores competencias cognitivas. Nuestros resultados acentúan el papel de la figura del padre, más preciso, la formación del padre, en la predicción de éxito que el niño tendrá en comprensión verbal y lógica. Está justificado concluir que los resultados obtenidos indican que el fenómeno del apego y las competencias emocionales y cognitivas son básicamente aspectos interrelacionados de la vida psicológica

Maternal Attachment and Children's Emotional and Cognitive Competences

The goal of the study was to examine the relation between dimensions which lie in the basis of maternal attachment (anxiety and avoidance) and the development of children's competences in the emotional domain (reflective functioning, mixed emotions understanding, sequential emotion understanding) and cognitive development (verbal comprehension, logic, graphomotor skills and understanding quantities).<br />For this purpose, 60 children and their mothers were tested. Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS; Collins, 1996), was used to assess the two attachment dimensions. The Affect Task (Steele, Steele, &amp; Fonagy, 1994) contains several subscales, including those intended to assess children's reflective functioning, mixed emotions understanding and sequential emotion understanding. Children's cognitive competences were assessed through their success on the Readiness for Elementary School Test (POŠ; Tolčić, 1986).<br />Results indicate significant negative correlations between dimensions of maternal attachment and emotional competences. Also, avoidance is a significant predictor of mixed emotions understanding and sequential emotion understanding. Furthermore, anxiety negatively correlates with the success of children in logic, and avoidance is in a negative correlation, and is also a significant predictor of children's verbal comprehension from the cognitive domain. Also, better emotional competences of the child, especially reflective functioning, predict better cognitive competences.<br />Our results emphasize the role of the father figure, more precisely the education of the father, in prediction of children's success in verbal comprehension and logic.<br />It is justified to conclude that the obtained results indicate that the phenomena of attachment, emotional, and cognitive competences are essentially interrelated aspects of psychological life

Academic model of trauma healing in post-war societies

Objective. The aim of this paper is to examine the implications for healing in a contemporary Balkan post-war context, and to provide a bridge-building model of trauma transformation, reconciliation and recovery through academic reconstruction and cross-border dialogue. Post-war societies are marked by the effects of massive, large group traumatization, and if not properly dealt with, long-term rehabilitation and social recovery cannot be expected. Unprocessed cumulative trauma that has become deeply embedded in the collective memory of the Balkan peoples over centuries, „chosen trauma“, its trans-generational transmission and periodical reactivations across the Balkan have often been addressed in recent literature, in ethno-psychology, psychoanalysis, psychiatry, sociology and anthropology. In order to deepen our understanding of the roots of collective (social) trauma and the specific traumatic experiences of different groups, and to offer different perspectives and information on how trauma can be dealt with, the “Trauma Trust Memory” multinational interdisciplinary research network is being established, and a groundbreaking workshop was held in May 2013 in Tuzla, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Conclusion. The Tuzla Workshop showed that the active participation of affected groups in adequate coping with the past is required for post-conflict reconstruction, trauma healing and peacebuilding in the long run